Misc.
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Pattern recognition and automatic EEG analysis
F. H. Lopes da Silva
Trends in Neurosciences, Volume 4, 1981, Pages 294-297
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Testing for non-linearity in EEG signal of healthy subjects
Robert A. Stępien
Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 2002, 62: 277-281
http://www.nencki.gov.pl/pdf/an/vol62/stepien3.pdf
What is Quantitative EEG?
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Quantitative EEG makes use of a computer-generated
program that compares the patient's EEG with that of a particular normative
database.3 Quantitative EEG, also known as brain mapping, is a generic term.
Unlike MRIs, x-rays, or other diagnostic tests, qEEG is in no way standardized.
As of 1988, there were more than two dozen manufacturers of computerized qEEG
systems.4 Each system has its own particular database. Unfortunately, there is
no standardization with regard to the databases. The medical literature
discussing qEEG has failed or refused to address specific computer database
programs, but rather deals and discusses qEEG collectively.
Quantitative EEG is a technique for the topographic imaging of data derived
from EEG, spectral analyzed EEG, and evoked potentials.5 To allow the clinician
to discriminate between those abnormalities due to normal variation and those
attributable to pathology, a technique known as significance probability
mapping was developed.6 Significance probability mapping is a technique whereby
a controlled database is established and an image of the mean value for any
particular frequency band and state is compared to the image from the
individual subject being analyzed.7 Where a significant standard deviation (Z)
from the control group exists, a true pathological abnormality is noted.8
A Z-score is formed, representing that an individual EEG feature is a certain
number of standard deviations away from the mean of a control data set. In most
applications, the control data set is a group of age-matched subjects. When Z
is greater than two or three standard deviations, the patient's EEG feature is
considered to be out of the normal range.9
The normal EEG data is usually represented in a polygraph format. In the use of
qEEG, a topographic map is produced, usually color coded, permitting the
untrained individual to appreciate and understand.10 Colorized topographical
brain maps show the patient's electncal brain activity at a specific point in
time. A second map is produced that displays the brain activity of normal
individuals in the matched control group, and then a third brain map is
generated that indicates the statistical difference between the two. This
permits the electroencephalographer to not only compare the topographical
distribution of brain electrical activity in any one person with the same
distribution for a group of normals, but to review the data in terms of
standard deviation from the norrnal.11
Quantitative EEG, through computer-aided analysis, permits more data from the
electrical responses of the brain to be analyzed than is possible by the mere
visual interpretation and inspection of the standard polygraph (EEG).12
Important is this statement by Frank Duffy, M.D.:
We feel strongly that these techniques of topographic mapping and statistical
mapping should not be considered as competitors of standard EEG; rather they
really are EEG and we predict that within the next decade these techniques will
cease to be regarded as special tests and all neurophysiological investigations
will involve one form of topographic mapping or other.l3
One of the most well-known brain-mapping databases is that manufactured by
Nicolet under the trade name BEAM. The BEAM database was produced by Dr. Duffy.
The criteria for an individual's inclusion in the BEAM database were that the
person (1) pass two separate screening examinations; (2) not be under the care
of a physician for any reason whatsoever; (3) not be taking any medication,
including aspirin, for any reason; (4) have a normal medical history with no
previous medical disorders; (5) pass a thorough medical examination conducted
by a physician; (6) pass a thorough neurological examination conducted by a
physician; and (7) pass a neuropsychological screening examination conducted by
an experienced neuropsychologist. Individuals over the age of 50 had to meet
all of the above criteria as well as additional objective factors: (1) normal
CT scan; (2) normal blood chemistry; and (3) normal liver function. Finally,
the technologists conducting the actual BEAM evaluation had the authority to
eliminate from inclusion any individual who the technologists felt subjectively
was "not right.'' l4.
Quantitative EEG
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Introduction and Admissibility of Quantitative EEG (Brain
Mapping)
Bruce H. Stern
http://www.stark-stark.com/news/articles/introadmissibilofeeg-bhs.html
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Quantitative electroencephalography in Alzheimer’s
disease: comparison with a control group, population norms and mental status
Verner Knott, PhD; Erich Mohr, PhD; Colleen Mahoney, BA; Vadim Ilivitsky,
MD
http://collection.nlc-bnc.ca/100/201/300/cdn_medical_association/jpn/vol-26/issue-2/pdf/pg106.pdf
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Assessment of digital EEG, quantitative EEG and EEG brain
mapping: report of the American Academy
Nuwer M:
of Neurology and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society.
Neurology 1997; 49:277–292
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Limitations of the American Academy of Neurology and
American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Paper on QEEG
Daniel A. Hoffman et. al
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11:3, Summer 1999 pp.401-407.
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Quantitative Spectral Electroencephalography in
Predicting Survival in Patients with Early Alzheimer Disease
Jules J. Clauss et. al
Arch. Neurol./Vol 55, Aug. 1998 pp. 1105-1111
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Beta activity in aging and dementia
DP Holschneider, AF Leuchter
Brain Topogr. 1995 Winter;8(2):169-80
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Future directions for epilepsy research
M.P. Jacobs
November (1 of 2) 2001 NEUROLOGY 57, pp.1536-1541.
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Computer –assisted EEG Diagnosis: Pattern Recognition and
Brain Mapping
Fernando Lopes da Silva
in E. Niedermeyer; F. Lopez da Silva: Electroencephalography. Basic Principles,
Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, 4 edition pp. 1164-1189.
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EEG Analysis: Theory and Practice
Fernando Lopes da Silva
in E. Niedermeyer; F. Lopez da Silva: Electroencephalography.
Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields 4 edition pp.
1135-1163.
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The clinical Use of EEG Topography
Ernst Rodin
in E. Niedermeyer; F. Lopez da Silva: Electroencephalography.
Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, 4 edition pp.
1135-1163.
Interesting
conferences on
the topic
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